Chemical names and formulas

I had an extream amount of fun learning about this. It was hard but fun. Like we could take H2O and we would break it down into what element were there.

H2O  2 hyrdrogen and 1 oxygen (water)
 WE would make it into games then. It was hard to learn. What we learned next was how to change the ending.  i can honestly say I have never struggled, like I did with this, before. It Hurt to even think about but I am glad we had the periodic table to help.

2- ide
3- tride
etc.

Add those on the end of a formula that looks like  HAu3 (I dont think that comes out to anything but I am trying to make my point). Those were the hardest to learn. We had many tests on this and this was hard.  Yet it was fun to learn.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

There are two forms of bonding.

• Ionic, where an electron completely transfers to a new element.
• Covalent, where the elelectrons where shared between elements, never transfered.

Ionic compounds

- essentially complete electron transfer from an element of low IE (metal) to an element of high electron affinity (EA) (nonmetal). This is usually between metals and non metals only.

Covalent: you share the valence electrons. basically the electrons that connect each other/ or closests to each other.

Number of valence electrons is equal to the Group number.

example:

ATOM core valence

• Na 1s

Molecular structure is basically the blueprint for the molecule. It can planned out in a dot structe which is my facorite.

                             0---b------0 sorta like this but it is much more detailed.2 2s2 2p6 3s1 [Ne] 3s1

Br [Ar] 3d

10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5

types of reactions lab

1. a + b= ab (synthesis) example: N2 + H2 = NH3 
2. AB= A + B (decomposition reaction)
3. A + BC= B+ AC (single replacement) example: Zn + AgNO3 Ag+Zn(NO3)2 /Bad prom/
4. AB + CD ---> CB + AD (double replacement)
5. fuel + O2 ex. C3H8+O2 ----> CO2 + H2O ex. C8H18+2 ---> CO2 + H2O (combustion)

I really wasn't here for the lab ( I blame my brother for all and any damages this may cause.)
Timmy did explain the lab to me. Unfortuantly since I was not there I cannot give first hand knowledge of the lab. What Timmy and Leigh explained to me (including you mister ludwig), was that you took different compounds or metals  and put them in solutions. Then you recorded the reactions. Which can be found at the top of this post. I had a ton of fun watching the types of reactions Mr. Ludwig described.

The bad prom effect was especially funny. I call it third wheel syndrome. Just a joke, but that is one element goes with another leaving the other alone. by itself. poor element. Single replacement.

1. A + BC= B+ AC (single replacement) example: Zn + AgNO3 Ag+Zn(NO3)2 /Bad prom/

These two are really confusing are the really similar ones.

1. a + b= ab (synthesis) example: N2 + H2 = NH3 
2. AB= A + B (decomposition reaction) 

Number one is creating something new. in this case using nitrogen and hydrogen and making its nitrogen hydroxide Number two however is dissembling something. reverting it back to two sperate elements then a elemental compound.

1. AB + CD ---> CB + AD (double replacement)
2. fuel + O2 ex. C3H8+O2 ----> CO2 + H2O ex. C8H18+2 ---> CO2 + H2O (combustion)

Number one in this group however is probably the funniest. Say you go to prom with your friends crush and your friend goes to prom with your crush. By the end of the night you switch crushes and you leave happy. the end. Well that is my discription of it.

Number two howver, is my favorite. you need fuel. plus oxygene and then you get this.

This is what I learned.

metal activity.....

Yesterday we did the metal activity. It was a group of four, which consisted of Leigh, Candance, Timmy, and I. We were wondering (well our task was) to see which metals would react with which solutions and what would happen. I got especially excited, thinking that someone was gonna blow. Sadly not the case.

Leigh and Timmy did most of the work. They after all understood the directions better then me. We had magnesium, copper, zinc to place in solutions of certain nitrates. We were to record the results and we did. Most of them did not react.

Magnesium dud lab :,(

A few days ago we did a lab in chemistry concerning magnesium. It was a simple lab to test the chemical changes to magnesium. 

What we needed for the lab:

• A empty crucible ( a little white bowl basically)
• a weight scale
• 25mm strip of magnesium
• a Benson burner
• a sparker
• gas
• a chemistry lab book
• goggles and or sunglassess

Procedure:

Ok there are a series of steps that we did to actually use this procedure and I am telling it from my point of view. Always seems more real then the textbook version.

1. We write down the table that was necessary for the experiment, and walk into the lab.
2. Secure all safety goggles (I double checked this as I get migraines easily and completely failed to bring some sunglasses).
3. We were told to measure the empty crucible and then cut a strip of magnesium. (empty crucible weights around 25 g.)
4. When we cut the strip of magnesium, it had some residue on it from the magnesium reacting with the oxygen in the air, we scrubbed it gentley to remove the residue.
5. We measured the weight of the magenesium in the crucible (which weighed around 32-334 g) and then we set it near the bunseon burner and waited as the temperature had to reach a certain degree of heat to make the magnesium flash.
6. We waited and waited, the magnesium did not flash for us but it shrunk and it turned a brilliant white.
7. We turned the bunseon burner off and we let the crucible cool before weighing it again, which weighed around 30 g.
8. We then added some water to check its ractivity (which was extreamly low).
9. We then cleaned the crucible and cleaned up our mess.

 That was the whole procedure.

What we learned:

What we learned from the magnesium was:

1. It does not always flash, and that is crappy for us who wanted it to flash.
2. Once the magnesium is burned, it looses ractivity and mass.
3. It takes a incrediable amount of heat for the magnesium to even react and "flare"
4. 
5. Don't trust Victor with the bunseon burner (this is thrown in the observations as a fact and for fun)

scavanger hunt

Periodic table hunt

Pumpkin murders!!!!

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+

Well that is what basically what happened. See for halloween Mr. Ludwig asked us to bring pumpkins. What a surprise we were in for! We walk in and he asks us to take our pumpkins and stab them! well....at least cut out the top and a face.

We needed a good steak/carving knife and a spoon. Your hand is also a must and then you dug in! You cut the top of the pumpkin (where the stem is)

at a angle, sorta twoard the middle of the the stem (almost a 45* angle) so the lid will not fall straight through. You then clean your pumpkin. I used a simple metal serving spoon to scrap out the seeds and the meat of the pumpkin (which are fiberous strands also known as the "brains" of the pumpkin). It really didnt need to be completely clean (which is a good thing I think).

We then carved out a face. The standard traingle nose, eyes, and the two tooth smile were my creation. Mr. Ludwig inspected the pumpkin



seperation

I was not here for the separation lab. One day I had a Cross Country meet and the next I was in the other room muttering expletives with a splitting migraine. I can however describe to you what my classmates did. I give all credit to Leigh and Timmy for somewhat describing what happened. And I can describe each separation techniques.

Separation of different matters are done by several different techniques. Such as Distillation,
Sublimation, Evaporation, and Filtration.
Different Techniques used:

Distillation: Is based off of the boiling points of two different liquids. Liquid A has a high boiling point compared to liquid B and thus liquid b is boiled completely out of liquid A thus leaving liquid A as just Liquid A in a pure form as it had its impurities boiled out of it.  Distilled water found in the back of Mr. Ludwig's room is a good example.

Sublimation: Process of a solid turning into a gas, without passing through a liquid phase. My best example I can actually use for I have seen in a part of New Mexico. It was so hot there, that once my uncle gave me a Popsicle, I forgot about it, and it was gone. There was no liquid stains or anything. Kinda creepy for my 7 year old mind.

Evaporation: Well this is a common one. We see this all the time in the state of Colorado. This is the state of a liquid transforming into a gas due to heat. During the summer, if you're going to a lake or the pool you can see the gas waves the water is creating hovering over the body of water, due to the top layer of water being evaporated due to the extreme heat.

Filtration: This reminds me of a coffee maker. You place the coffee filter with the ground coffee beans and pour the water in. During the system the water creates the coffee by passing over the ground coffee beans. But the grind stays put because it is too big to pass through he filter. Yet all filters are not the same. Some allow particles to pass through. Just depends on the pore size of the filter. 

I did a experiment once with Filtration with a coffee maker (it was actually a horrible joke on a friend) I placed lemon rind in with the coffee beans and let it make the coffee. The rind and the beans stayed in the filter but the flavor particles passed through. Thus making a effectively  good example (horrible joke) of filtration.

Positions of Electrons/energy levels/ atomics structure

Well all atoms have sub levels. Sub level 4,3,2, and 1. They reside in the blocks .

1s

2s, 2p

3s, 3p, 3d

4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

Electrons that can be held:

• s= 2
• p= 6
• d= 10
• f=14

If you look at the periodic table you can see where this all comes in. Period one and period two are all in the s-block and thus if they have a s level for electrons they can all hold only 2.  And it goes on and on to the p block, the d block, and the f block. Energy is more concentrated toward the outer rings of the atom electron shells and as the energy travels inwards , energy is less predominate. 

Here is the periodic table so you can understand the energy levels better.

Now here is an example Mr. Ludwig did with us today.

Say you take helium for example. It has one electron. It only fills up half of a s level. dubbed s exponet 1. Thus is can have more energy. Now take the noble gas Neon. It has ten electrons. SO it fills up the s level on the first shell, the s level on the second shell and fills the p level completely. Noble gases dont react due to all the electrons fitting perfectly into their respective levels/shells.

Light, Light waves, taste the rainbow! (spectrum post)

In this blog/lab we experimented with light waves. We took a special (almost like those specail kids toys that made those funky shapes) cylinderical tube and view the waved emitted from the light. Since the tube had a lens on it that only showed the strongest wave, we had a lot of surprises. Neon (to me anyways) was a maroonish red color, while infared was well red. Now back to the spectrum colors.

The most dangerous believe it or not is the violet rays. UVB rays cause damage to the skin which in turns cause skin cancer and sun damage (most common is sunburn). Infrared light is used as a way to see body head. X-rays are used to see through a human/animal body and bounced back when it hits our bones. Microwaves create heat that warm up/cook food. Radio and Tv waves are for our entertainment. Gamma rays are used for medical uses as far as I know. you would think the red would be the most dangerous (since we associate red with bad/danger) but in fact they are almost the least harmful.

Now the light waves start off at a slow,wide, sedate pace which generates very little heat and are not dangerous to the human body. As you go up the scale the waves begin to shorten and speed up. Depending on the speed, the waves can become dangerous to the epidermal layer to our bodies. The faster the wave the more energy (heat) is given off, or radiation.

 the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely-spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved band spectra may appear as a spectral continuum link to above

Which also creates the different light waves. Continuous, absorption, and emission.

Continuous: Continuous light is when you can see the whole color spectrum in the light. When I was able to look through the "magic" tube I was able to see the whole rainbow spectrum through the glass.  Hence the taste the rainbow title. 

Absorption: Is almost like continuous, you can see specific colors to the range but that is all. sorta spotty vision. continuous red for example then only a little of yellow and then it stops.

Emission: was horrible! now more colors. It only showed BARS of certain colors. I belieave this was neon in the lab and it only showed bars of red for a little period before they  didn't continue.

atoms...tom-tom...no just atoms

Atomic Structure:

In this unit we learned about atoms and their atomic structures. The Figure above shows the standard showing of the structure.

This gives off a more detailed structure of the atom. As you can see from both figures, the protons and neutrons are both in the nucleus of the atom. The electrons are on set orbits around the center (nucleus) People (scientists) use to believe that the electrons were floating randomly around the nucleus. This has been proven wrong though.

Many structures of this atom were developed. most famous was the plum pudding structure, created by J.J. Thompson (who also discovered the electron in 1897) in 1904 before the discovery of the atom nucleus. Electrons represented the negatively charged "plums" and the positively charged "pudding" was the protons.

Fun fact: named the plum pudding model due to the unnerving resemblance to english plum pudding dessert.

Isotopes:

Carbon Isotopes :12, 13, 14

Isotopes are a variation of a normal element. Such as Carbon. The electrons are all the same in a isotope yet the proton and neutron count are different each time. 

Now the mass for the neutrons and protons are relatively the same. Only the electrons are different. Their mass ratio is extreamely low. Ill find a link to it soon.